Berat tubuhnya jauh dari
ideal untuk anak seumurnya yaitu delapan tahun hanya 20 kg. Dia sering mengeluh
sakit di pundaknya membawa bertumpuk buku di dalam tas, serta merasa lelah dan letih
ketika tiba di rumah dimana biasanya jam sudah menunjukkan pukul tiga sore sejak
dia berangkat sekolah pukul tujuh pagi. Begitulah keseharian anak pertama saya,
sebut saja Yasmin, yang saat ini sedang menempuh pendidikan sekolah dasar (SD) kelas
3 di sekolah swasta di Bogor-Jawa Barat. Selama sekolah di sana, dia selalu
konsisten mempertahankan peringkat pertama di kelasnya sejak kelas satu SD. Perjuangannya
tidak diperolehnya dengan mudah. Enam hari dalam seminggu dia harus rajin
belajar di sekolah dan melanjutkan pekerjaan rumah (PR) malam harinya yang
hampir diberikan setiap saat oleh gurunya di sekolah.

Saya sebagai orang tua tentu saja
bangga atas prestasi akademik anak saya selama ini. Namun, juga sedih
memperhatikan investasi waktu dan tenaga yang dikeluarkan untuk anak seumurnya,
yang seharusnya masih dapat menikmati masa kanak-kanaknya. Setidaknya ada 12
mata pelajaran setiap minggunya yang harus dipelajari oleh Yasmin dari Senin
hingga Sabtu. Perlu saya sebutkan satu per satu mata pelajaran tersebut sebagai
informasi bagi orang tua lainnya yaitu, Matematika, Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa
Inggris, IPA, Pendidikan Agama Islam, Pendidikan Jasmani Olahraga Kesehatan,
Bahasa Sunda, Pendidikan Lingkungan Hidup, Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi,
Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan, IPS, dan Seni Budaya Ketrampilan. Pagi sampai siang
Yasmin menghabiskan waktu di sekolahan. Setelah itu dilanjut dengan les wajib
mata pelajaran, serta kadang sorenya mengikuti kegiatan ekstrakulikuler yang
beberapa diantaranya wajib diikuti di sekolahan.

Tidak berhenti sampai disitu,
malam harinya Yasmin harus mengerjakan tugas PR yang diberikan oleh gurunya. Paling
tidak membaca pelajaran untuk besok harinya sekitar 15 menit bahkan lebih untuk
setiap mata pelajaran. Lantas pertanyaannya, kapan anak saya bermain sepeda di
lapangan dekat rumah, membantu ibunya memasak atau menyiapkan makanan, membaca
komik atau mendengar cerita anak-anak dari ayahnya?  

Beberapa penelitian yang
dilakukan oleh para ahli, sebagian besar menunjukkan hampir tidak ada dampak
positif dengan diberikannya PR kepada siswa. Salah satu yang ahli itu ialah Harris
Coopers, seorang profesor psikologi dan Direktur Program Pendidikan di
Universitas Duke Amerika Serikat yang sudah malang-melintang mempelajari dan
menganalisa PR selama lebih dari 25 tahun. Dalam bukunya yang berjudul The Battle over Homework: Common Ground for
Administrators, Teachers, and Parents
menjabarkan hubungan PR dengan
kesuksesan bahwa untuk tingkatan SD, PR sangat tidak bermanfaat untuk diberikan
ke siswa karena dapat memberikan dampak negatif terkait perilaku mereka,
seperti tidak senang dalam belajar atau bahkan membeci sekolah. Selain itu,
menurut Coopers, hubungan orang tua dan anak dapat memburuk atau menimbulkan
pertengkaran kecil, selain berkurangnya waktu anak-anak untuk bermain atau
tidur lebih lama yang senada ditulis oleh, Sara Bennett-seorang pengacara dan
Nancy Kalish-seorang penulis dan editor pendidikan, dalam bukunya yang berjudul
The Case Against Homework: How Homework
is Hurting Our Children and What We Can Do About It
. Masih banyak peneliti
lainnya yang mengamini dampak kurang baik dari diberikannya PR kepada siswa
terkait perilaku buruk dan persepsi negatif yang ditimbulkan, seperti Epstein
(1988), Leone & Richards (1989), dan Vazsonyi & Pickering (2003).

Sebagai negara berkembang,
Indonesia perlu berkaca pada sistem pendidikan di negara lainnya khususnya
untuk tingkat SD. Di Inggris, hanya enam mata pelajaran yang diajarkan untuk siswa
SD, yaitu reading, writing, speaking, listening, Math dan Science. Jumlah ini hanya setengah dari
mata pelajaran yang diperoleh Yasmin setiap minggunya. Tidak hanya itu,
beberapa sekolah di sana memperkenankan siswa untuk tidur di sekolah selama
25-30 menit dimana hal ini bermanfaat untuk meningkatkan daya serap otak
mereka. Finlandia juga serupa. Tidak ada PR dan standar nilai ujian di dalam
sistem pendidikan SD mereka. Negara ini menekan adanya persaingan antar murid
dengan harapan mereka dapat lebih senang untuk belajar walaupun hanya dengan 5
jam pelajaran setiap harinya. Hal yang sama juga diterapkan di Selandia Baru.
Mata pelajaran yang diajarkan hanya lima mata pelajaran untuk siswa SD yaitu,
Matematika, Bahasa Inggris (membaca dan menulis), Ilmu Pengetahuan (sains), Seni Budaya, dan Olah Raga-Kesehatan.
Jelas terlihat perbedaannya antara beban pekerjaan di sekolah untuk anak SD di
Indonesia dengan negara-negara tersebut di atas.

Pemerintah Indonesia saat ini
sebenarnya juga telah menganjurkan bahwa PR tidak harus berupa tugas yang berhubungan
dengan mata pelajaran. PR bisa berupa tugas  untuk membantu orang tua di rumah seperti
membantu memasak atau membersihkan rumah, menjenguk teman atau tetangga yang
sedang sakit, atau disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan mereka. Beberapa pemerintah
daerah di Indonesia bahkan sudah melarang guru-guru untuk memberikan PR kepada
siswanya, seperti Bupati Purwakarta, Dedi Mulyadi sewaktu Ia masih menjabat.
Dedi Mulyadi menerbitkan surat edaran Nomor 421.7/2016/Disdikpora untuk
memberikan tugas kreatif produktif sebagai pengganti PR.  Tahun 2018 ini, Dinas Pendidikan Kota Blitar
dan Kota Depok juga mempunyai kebijakan larangan untuk memberikan PR kepada
siswanya agar mereka dapat memiliki lebih banyak waktu belajar mengenai
pendidikan karakter di lingkungan keluarga dan masyarakat sesuai dengan amanah
UU No. 23 tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak yang menyebutkan bahwa anak
punya hak untuk berkumpul, bermain bersama keluarga dan teman, mengeluarkan
masukan dan pendapatnya.     

PR bukan menjadi satu-satunya
tantangan atau mungkin hambatan siswa untuk memiliki banyak waktu luang saat
ini. Kebijakan enam hari dalam sepekan pun juga masih diterapkan di beberapa
sekolah meskipun sudah jelas adanya payung hukum yang mengatur mengenai hari
sekolah. Peraturan Mendikbud Nomor 23/2017 sudah menegaskan bahwa kebijakan
sekolah lima hari dalam sepekan resmi diterapkan pada tahun ajaran 2017-2018.
Sekolah negeri maupun swasta wajib menggelar kegiatan belajar mengajar selama 8
jam sehari atau 40 jam seminggu yang diselenggarakan Senin hingga Jumat atau yang
sering disebut full day school.

Catatan di atas mengenai
beban PR pada siswa serta polemik hari sekolah mungkin sudah pernah terdengar
di telinga kita sebelumnya melalui pemberitaan di media massa  atau melalui bincang-bincang para orang tua
ketika menunggu anaknya di sekolah. Bersamaan dengan Hari Anak Nasional yang
diperingati setiap tanggal 23 Juli sejak tahun 1984, ada baiknya kita bersama-sama
untuk turut memperbaiki dan memajukan aspek perlindungan anak. Hal ini selaras
dengan tema yang diangkat pada tahun ini yaitu “Peran Keluarga dalam
Perlindungan anak” dimana pentingnya perlindungan bagi anak-anak untuk
memperoleh hak untuk hidup bahagia, hak untuk mengenyam pendidikan yang layak, dan
hak untuk bermain dengan teman atau keluarganya. Lantas mau sampai kapan
perampasan hak anak SD terus terjadi di beberapa sekolah di Indonesia? Kita
hanya bisa diam saja menunggu konsekuensi besar yang akan dihadapi dari
fenomena gunung es ini, atau akan beranjak untuk berdiri memperjuangkan hak mereka
selain hanya belajar di sekolah ataupun belajar formal di kelas?

Selamat memperingati Hari
Anak Nasional tahun 2019, semoga kita benar-benar dapat mewujudkan bersama
“Kita Anak Indonesia, Kita Gembira”.

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